Complications of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: review of published case reports

ABSTRACT Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA), a form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), affects immunocompetent or mildly immunocompromised persons with underlying pulmonary disease. These conditions are associated with high morbidity and mortality and often require long-term antifungal treatment. The long-term prognosis for patients with CNPA and the potential complications of CNPA have not been well documented. The aim of this study was to review published papers that report cases of CNPA complications and to highlight risk factors for development of CNPA. The complications in conjunction associated with CNPA are as follows: pseudomembranous necrotizing tracheobronchial aspergillosis, ankylosing spondylarthritis, pulmonary silicosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease, superinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and and pneumothorax. The diagnosis of CNPA is still a challenge. Culture and histologic examinations of bronchoscopically identified tracheobronchial mucus plugs and necrotic material should be performed in all immunocompromised individuals, even when the radiographic findings are unchanged. Early detection of intraluminal growth of Aspergillus and prompt antifungal therapy may facilitate the management of these patients and prevent development of complications.

Sport-specific influences on respiratory patterns in elite athletes / Influências específicas do esporte nos padrões respiratórios em atletas de elite

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in lung function among sports that are of a similar nature and to determine which anthropometric/demographic characteristics correlate with lung volumes and flows. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving elite male athletes (N = 150; mean age, 21  4 years) engaging in one of four different sports, classified according to the type and intensity of exercise involved. All athletes underwent full anthropometric assessment and pulmonary function testing (spirometry). RESULTS: Across all age groups and sport types, the elite athletes showed spirometric values that were significantly higher than the reference values. We found that the values for FVC, FEV1, vital capacity, and maximal voluntary ventilation were higher in water polo players than in players of the other sports evaluated (p < 0.001). In addition, PEF was significantly higher in basketball players than in handball players (p < 0.001). Most anthropometric/demographic parameters correlated significantly with the spirometric parameters evaluated. We found that BMI correlated positively with all of the spirometric parameters evaluated (p < 0.001), the strongest of those correlations being between BMI and maximal voluntary ventilation (r = 0.46; p < 0.001). Conversely, the percentage of body fat correlated negatively with all of the spirometric parameters evaluated, correlating most significantly with FEV1 (r = −0.386; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the type of sport played has a significant impact on the physiological adaptation of the respiratory system. That knowledge is particularly important when athletes present with respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. Because sports medicine physicians use predicted (reference) values for spirometric parameters, the risk that the severity of restrictive disease or airway obstruction will be underestimated might be greater for athletes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Analisar as diferenças na função pulmonar em atletas praticantes de esportes de natureza semelhante e determinar quais características antropométricas/demográficas se correlacionam com os fluxos e volumes pulmonares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com atletas de elite do sexo masculino (N = 150; média de idade de 21  4 anos), praticantes de um dos quatro esportes investigados. Os atletas foram classificados de acordo com o tipo e a intensidade de exercício relacionado ao esporte. Todos os atletas foram submetidos a antropometria completa e testes de função pulmonar (espirometria). RESULTADOS: Em todas as faixas etárias e tipos de esporte, os atletas de elite apresentaram valores espirométricos significativamente maiores que os valores de referência. Os valores de CVF, VEF1, capacidade vital e ventilação voluntária máxima foram maiores nos praticantes de polo aquático que nos praticantes dos outros esportes avaliados (p < 0,001). Além disso, o PFE foi significativamente maior em jogadores de basquete do que em jogadores de handebol (p < 0,001). A maioria dos parâmetros antropométricos/demográficos apresentou correlações positivas com os parâmetros espirométricos avaliados. O IMC se correlacionou positivamente com todos os parâmetros espirométricos avaliados (p < 0,001), sendo a correlação mais forte entre o IMC e a ventilação voluntária máxima (r = 0,46; p < 0,001). De forma contrária, o percentual de gordura corporal se correlacionou negativamente com todos os parâmetros espirométricos, mais significativamente com VEF1 (r = −0,386; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que o tipo de esporte praticado tem um impacto significativo na adaptação fisiológica do sistema respiratório. Esse conhecimento é particularmente importante quando os atletas apresentam sintomas respiratórios tais como dispneia, tosse e sibilância. Visto que os especialistas em medicina do esporte utilizam valores previstos (de referência) para os parâmetros espirométricos, o risco de se subestimar a gravidade de doença restritiva ou obstrução de vias aéreas pode ser maior nos atletas.